"But what is missing is your lack of understanding of stuttering beyond your own experience." If you put 100 different Chess players in the same Chess position, they will all believe that a certain move is the best move. But that doesn't actually make it the best move. However, there actually is a best move that exists for all 100 of those Chess players (as they are in the same position). How is this modeled by? AlphaZero. Also, stuttering is not "mental" in the slightest. In the Philosophy of Mind, mental states are different types of conscious experience. I don't want to drag this into philosophy but being a materialist, I believe that physical processes alter mental processes. So you saying that stuttering is mental means that conscious (mental) states alter physical states. I argue physical states alter mental states (where the brain is a physical system, and mental states arise from physical processes). ''For some members of the sub, their emotions and anxiety are part of their speech disorder. " I've already addressed this in my post, that there is a separation between people who stutter without any stressor (something that can cause anxiety) and being in an environment where there is a potential stressor. Thanks for commenting.