Additionally, speech therapists advocate to keep instructing ourselves to *push out* air during a block - I disagree, in my opinion, because this is an unhelpful attitude that will worsen the *stutter speech plan*. The 'freeze' effect that distracts us from deciding/instructing to articulate are mostly unhelpful beliefs/attitudes e.g.,: * "*I should not move my speech muscles during excessive air pressure (or when the articulation timing is off) otherwise the sound that comes out of my mouth, will sound weird*" * "*I should not move my speech muscles, as long as I have unanswered questions how the freeze effect works*" * "*I notice and experience that I still stutter, so it must mean that (1) I can't reduce the freeze effect (2) or that my feedforward system is unreliable*" In my opinion, the more intelligent we are, the more we rely on the scientific experience. In other words, the negative effect is then, that we have the unhelpful condition 'I should not move my speech muscles, as long as we don't notice/experience proof' (this condition is likely deeply subconscious and you would deny ever having it that would paralyze your speech muscles). The negative effect is then, that the appropriateness regulator becomes even more error-prone. In other words, unhelpful attitudes/beliefs make us error-prone reinforcing our unhelpful belief that our feedforward system is unreliable (which, as we know, is not true).