Source: I want to add a few research excerpts to clarify the neuro-anatomical perspective of this. Selected research excerpts: \- "Civier et al. (2013) and Chang and Guenther (2020) claim that the functional deficit underlying neurogenic stuttering is due to a malfunction within the cortico-cortical feedback loop including basal ganglia and thalamus (action control loop). One of the responsibilities of this cortico-cortical loop is to initiate the execution of speech motor programs. If this initiation process is not working in a proper way this may cause interruptions by blocking the production and execution of a syllable or by blocking the production and execution of a whole utterance directly at its beginning" \- Chang & Frank Guenther explicitly frame the core impairment as malfunction of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop responsible for initiating speech motor programs. Mechanistically, that can look like motor programs failing to be set up correctly (feedforward) or being over-reliant on corrective feedback (note: some people show more planning-loop anomalies, others more motor-loop anomalies) - [https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03088/full](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.03088/full) \- "Neural models of speech processing comprise the modeling of speech production and speech perception/comprehension. Production models start with the specification of a verbal intention at the semantic or concept level, generate lemmata and phonological forms (cognitive-linguistic model part). These models subsequently initiate the motor execution processes including articulatory movement generation, acoustic signal generation, and sensory feedback signal generation (sensorimotor model part). " \- "Neurogenic stuttering reflects deficits in the initiation of execution of motor programs \- (Chang and Guenther, 2020). Guenther (2006), Guenther et al. (2006), Golfinopoulos et al. (2010), and Kearney and Guenther (2019) assume that the initiation map, which activates motor plans and motor programs and thus starts syllable execution as postulated in the DIVA and GODIVA models (Guenther, 2006; Bohland et al., 2010) \- "Action control as well comprises motor planning in form of motor plan and motor program activation and motor execution (see planning and motor loop in Bohland et al., 2010 and in Miller and Guenther, 2021). This control loop starts and ends in different areas of the neocortex and includes the basal ganglia and thalamus in its center (see Figures 1B, C, solid orange lines). " Source: [https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/language-sciences/articles/10.3389/flang.2023.1100774/full](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/language-sciences/articles/10.3389/flang.2023.1100774/full) (Attached is [a screenshot ](https://i.imgur.com/F1G1nBI.jpeg)from Soo-eun Chang’s research for reference.) https://preview.redd.it/hnu7rjc2opvf1.jpeg?width=2046&format=pjpg&auto=webp&s=9fbfadb824729253664dd073e28b37ca93e57ccf