To explain my own viewpoint, I think that we should distinguish: 1. Formulation type difficulty stuttering / speech planning difficulty type stuttering (from underlying genetic and neurological abnormalities / weaknesses) and 2. Execution type difficulty stuttering (from the poorly finetuning of the threshold mechanism to release speech plans, such as for example, the need to speak more perfect or error-free (perfectionism as cognitive distortion) because we may perceive errors like stuttering anticipation - in the speech motor plan as an obstacle, or problem, and to be avoided) I think that, if we are defining or describing execution difficulty type stuttering, then it's likely incomplete or wrong to only consider genetics. This leads to the main question. **Question: IYO, How does this mechanism play a role in genetics?** In my viewpoint, I think that execution difficulty type stuttering is primarily contributed to 'self-made rules' or cogntive distortions. So, if I would make a link with genetics, it would likely be: 1. Catastrophization of how error-prone your overt speech actually is or hyper-sensitive you actually are (aka overestimating genetics) 2. Aligning with existing beliefs about genetics leading to underestimating your own ability to fine-tune the release threshold, and overestimate speech planning difficulty stuttering 3. I think that the other way around is also possible, the speaker knows about the (mild) speech/language impairment, but he doesn't realise that there are neurological reasons for these differences. This results in distorted beliefs: They blame their behaviour on their own free will; they believe that they can eliminate these differences by trying harder to speak more clearly or trying harder to make fewer errors 4. Speech planning difficulty type stuttering from genetics can likely also lead to unrealistic expectations about speech accuracy. They "learn" to prioritize speech accuracy over fluency aka forward flow of speech which is explained in the scientific model 'accuracy - fluency-tradeoff' 5. Believing that speech planning difficulty type stuttering in and of itself creates speech blocks 6. Magnifying genetics and failing to understand that everybody experiences blocks (moments when they find themselves temporarily unable to speak, despite having formulated the words internally). Failure to understand that blocking is a normal important protective behavior 7. Magnifying genetics might lead to perfectionism: unrealistic standards for speech performance) leads to perceiving even minor errors as significant 8. Magnifying genetics can lead to "learning" to become more hyper-vigilant, reactive, sensitive, etc - to environmental stimuli and thus becoming unnecessarily sensitized to activate a defensive mechanism that either allows or prevents us from saying words 9. Magnifying the potential consequences of genetics can lead to overestimating the impact of minor perceived errors, and reinforcing selective attention biases (focusing on perceived errors while disregarding instances of fluent speech) 10. Catastrophizing genetics can lead to limiting one's exposure to (or experience with) excellent fine-tuning of the execution threshold. This can contribute to a narrow understanding of what constitutes "correct" speech - leading to perceiving deviations from their narrow understanding of speech norms as errors, and increased execution release threshold in an attempt to conform to perceived standards **Your thoughts?**