I consider a trigger: * any thought, emotion, body sensation, experience or perception, such as an out of control experience (or perception) I perceive that a thought, emotion, body sensation, experience or perception - by itself - can never, in any way, lead to a speech block (or rather, it can never lead to an inhibition of executing speech movements). This is just my take on it. Additionally, I view persistent developmental stuttering (PDS) not as a true freeze response. Yes indeed, we PWS may experience being stuck or unable to articulate \[out of control experience\], but this is merely an intrusive thought or feeling. (an exception could be my peripheral sympathetic arousal \[unbearable neck pain\], which likely falls under \[unhelpful actions or interventions\], and therefore doesn't fall under *triggers*). The next main question we should then ask ourselves is: **How does an out of control experience trigger a block exactly?** Answer: I would answer someting in the vein of: * PWS "learned" to rely on certain thoughts, feelings, experiences or perceptions to decide whether to initiate speech movements, such as: (1) reinforcing overreliance on a certain execution threshold, (2) needing confidence, (3) needing to reduce the out of control feeling, (4) needing compensatory or avoidance strategies. Conclusion: So, the traditional **view** would be: * thought or feeling > \[triggers\] > motor execution inhibition * the key here is "addressing the thought or feeling" My **view** would be: * overreliance on a thought or feeling (aka needing or depending on this trigger to decide whether to initiate speech movements) > \[triggers\] > motor execution inhibition * the key here is NOT "addressing the thought or feeling" * instead, the key here is addressing the unhelpful action of "reinforcing overreliance or prioritization". The positive result could then be, that I execute speech movements even when I experience an out of control feeling (because I stopped relying on this experience to decide whether to initiate speech movements) **Question**: What are all the interventions, to "unlearn" overreliance on triggers - to decide whether to initiate speech movements?